What differentiated nationalism from liberalism?
the emphasis on tradition and social hierarchy
the support for anarchy and not government
the rejection of separate nation-states

Nationalism primarily focuses on the idea of a shared identity among people based on culture, language, or ethnicity, emphasizing the importance of the nation-state and often advocating for its interests above others. In contrast, liberalism champions individual rights, freedoms, and the pursuit of equality, often promoting the idea of self-governance through democratic systems, regardless of national boundaries.

This distinction led to tensions, especially in 19th and 20th-century Europe, where nationalist movements sometimes clashed with liberal ideals. For instance, while liberal thinkers sought to create inclusive societies, nationalists often prioritized the interests of their specific group over broader humanistic principles, creating a complex interplay between these two ideologies that shaped modern political landscapes.