Pregunta
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Define the following terms:
1.1 homologous series
1.2 functional group
write down the structural formula of the functional group for the following homologous
series:
2.1 alcohols
2.2 aldehydes
2.3 carboxylic acids
2.4

Ask by John Simpson. in South Africa
Jan 23,2025

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Definitions:
  1. Homologous Series: A group of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar properties, and increasing molecular size by a specific structural unit (e.g., alkanes: methane, ethane, propane).
  2. Functional Group: A specific group of atoms within a molecule responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule (e.g., hydroxyl group in alcohols, carbonyl group in aldehydes).
Structural Formulas:
  • Alcohols: R–OH
  • Aldehydes: R–CHO
  • Carboxylic Acids: R–COOH

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Homologous series refers to a group of organic compounds that share a similar structural feature and exhibit a gradual change in physical properties. Each member of the series differs from the next by a specific number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, typically by a -CH₂- group. This consistency allows for predicting trends in behavior, solubility, and reactivity among the series members—think of it as a family of compounds with a common heritage!
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those compounds. They essentially dictate how a compound interacts with others, making them vital in distinguishing between different classes of organic compounds. For example, the hydroxyl group (-OH) defines alcohols and the carbonyl group (C=O) is what makes aldehydes unique. Understanding functional groups helps chemists unlock the secrets of molecular behavior!
The structural formula for alcohols includes the hydroxyl group (-OH), for aldehydes it’s the carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydrogen atom attached (R-CHO), and for carboxylic acids it’s the carboxyl group (-COOH).

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