iswer all questions below. a) "What is valuable is what causes happiness to the greatest number of people." Give your (6 mks) comments about the statement. b) Give THREE reasons why a student teacher should study Philosophy of Teaching. (6 mks) c) In the African traditional thought, education is value loaded. Identify FOUR areas of focus according to African philosophy. d) Despite the scientific categorization of human beings into animal class, give FOUR (4 mks) unique characteristics of human beings. e) Explain what Brenda Cohen meant by "Unity and Plurality" in reference to the (6 mks) approaches of teaching. f) Give TWO reasons why you think teaching is complex and demanding. (4 mks)

Here are the answers to your questions: ### a) Comments on the Statement The statement "What is valuable is what causes happiness to the greatest number of people" reflects a utilitarian perspective on value and ethics. Here are some comments: 1. **Utilitarianism**: This statement aligns with utilitarian philosophy, which posits that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness. It emphasizes the collective well-being over individual desires. 2. **Subjectivity of Happiness**: Happiness is subjective and can vary greatly among individuals. What brings happiness to one person may not have the same effect on another, making it challenging to determine what is truly valuable. 3. **Potential for Misuse**: Focusing solely on the happiness of the majority can lead to the neglect of minority rights and needs. This could justify harmful actions against a minority if it benefits the majority. 4. **Long-term vs. Short-term Happiness**: The statement does not differentiate between short-term pleasures and long-term fulfillment. Actions that provide immediate happiness may not contribute to lasting well-being. 5. **Moral Considerations**: The statement raises moral questions about the means used to achieve happiness. It is essential to consider whether the actions taken to promote happiness are ethical. 6. **Cultural Differences**: Different cultures may have varying definitions of happiness and what is considered valuable. This diversity complicates the application of the statement universally. ### b) Reasons for a Student Teacher to Study Philosophy of Teaching 1. **Understanding Educational Foundations**: Studying the philosophy of teaching helps student teachers understand the underlying principles and theories that shape educational practices, enabling them to make informed decisions in their teaching. 2. **Critical Thinking Skills**: Engaging with philosophical concepts encourages critical thinking and reflection on teaching methods, classroom management, and student engagement, which are essential for effective teaching. 3. **Personal Teaching Philosophy Development**: It allows student teachers to develop their own teaching philosophy, guiding their approach to education and helping them articulate their beliefs about teaching and learning. ### c) Areas of Focus in African Traditional Thought on Education 1. **Community and Social Responsibility**: Education emphasizes the importance of community involvement and the role of individuals in contributing to the well-being of society. 2. **Cultural Heritage and Identity**: Education in African philosophy focuses on the transmission of cultural values, traditions, and languages, fostering a sense of identity and belonging. 3. **Holistic Development**: African traditional education aims for the holistic development of individuals, integrating physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual growth. 4. **Moral and Ethical Values**: Education is seen as a means to instill moral values and ethical behavior, guiding individuals to live harmoniously within their communities. ### d) Unique Characteristics of Human Beings 1. **Complex Language**: Humans possess the ability to communicate through complex language systems, allowing for abstract thought, expression of emotions, and sharing of ideas. 2. **Advanced Cognitive Abilities**: Humans have highly developed cognitive functions, including reasoning, problem-solving, and planning, which enable them to adapt to various environments. 3. **Self-awareness**: Humans have a unique sense of self-awareness, allowing them to reflect on their thoughts, emotions, and existence, leading to personal growth and development. 4. **Cultural Creation**: Humans create and participate in complex cultures, including art, music, religion, and social structures, which shape their identities and experiences. ### e) "Unity and Plurality" in Teaching Approaches Brenda Cohen's concept of "Unity and Plurality" refers to the balance between a cohesive teaching philosophy and the recognition of diverse teaching methods. 1. **Unity**: This aspect emphasizes the importance of having a unified approach to teaching that aligns with educational goals and values, ensuring consistency in teaching practices. 2. **Plurality**: This aspect acknowledges the diversity of learners and the need for varied teaching methods to cater to different learning styles, backgrounds, and needs. It encourages flexibility and adaptability in teaching. 3. **Integration**: Cohen suggests that effective teaching should integrate both unity and plurality, allowing educators to maintain a coherent framework while being responsive to the unique needs of their students. ### f) Reasons Why Teaching is Complex and Demanding 1. **Diverse Learning Needs**: Teachers must address the diverse learning needs of students, including varying abilities, backgrounds, and learning styles, which requires adaptability and creativity in lesson planning. 2. **Emotional and Social Responsibilities**: Teaching involves not only academic instruction but also emotional and social support for students. Teachers must navigate complex interpersonal dynamics and foster a positive classroom environment, which can be demanding. These answers provide a comprehensive overview of the questions posed, addressing each aspect clearly and thoughtfully.