1. Compare and contrast at least three "waves" of feminism and/or feminist theory. Give examples from non-feminist normative theories to make clear what feminist ethical theory resists or points out as problematic. Be detailed, and use examples. Write as though it were for somebody not in our course who has no idea what you're talking about, so that you are clear, accurate, and detailed and they leave reading what you have written understanding any vocabulary that would otherwise be exotic for somebody who has never studied philosophy or ethics. OR:

Feminism is a broad and evolving movement that seeks to address and rectify inequalities between genders, particularly the systemic oppression of women. Over the years, feminist thought has developed through various "waves," each with its own focus, goals, and methods. In this response, I will compare and contrast three significant waves of feminism: the first wave, the second wave, and the third wave. I will also highlight how feminist ethical theories challenge and critique non-feminist normative theories, which are frameworks for understanding morality and ethics that often overlook or marginalize women's experiences. ### First Wave Feminism (Late 19th to Early 20th Century) The first wave of feminism primarily focused on legal issues and inequalities, particularly women's suffrage (the right to vote). This movement emerged in the late 19th century and continued into the early 20th century. Key figures included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Emmeline Pankhurst. The first wave sought to address basic legal rights for women, such as the right to vote, own property, and access education. **Example of Non-Feminist Normative Theory: Liberalism** Liberalism, a political and moral philosophy, emphasizes individual rights and freedoms. While it advocates for equality, it often assumes that all individuals start from the same position of power and privilege. First-wave feminists critiqued this assumption, arguing that liberalism failed to account for the systemic barriers women faced. For instance, while liberalism promotes the idea of equal opportunity, it does not consider how societal norms and legal restrictions historically limited women's access to education and employment. ### Second Wave Feminism (1960s to 1980s) The second wave of feminism expanded the focus beyond legal rights to include social, cultural, and economic inequalities. This wave emerged in the 1960s and continued into the 1980s, with prominent figures like Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and bell hooks. Second-wave feminists addressed issues such as reproductive rights, workplace discrimination, and sexual liberation. They also critiqued the traditional roles assigned to women in society. **Example of Non-Feminist Normative Theory: Utilitarianism** Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility. While utilitarianism aims for the greatest good for the greatest number, second-wave feminists pointed out that this approach can overlook the specific needs and rights of marginalized groups, including women. For example, a utilitarian calculation might justify policies that benefit the majority while ignoring the detrimental effects on women, such as workplace policies that do not accommodate maternity leave. Second-wave feminists argued that ethical theories must consider the unique experiences and challenges faced by women to be truly just. ### Third Wave Feminism (1990s to Present) The third wave of feminism emerged in the 1990s and is characterized by its diversity and inclusivity. It recognizes that women's experiences are not monolithic and that factors such as race, class, sexuality, and nationality intersect to shape individual identities and experiences. Key figures include Rebecca Walker, Judith Butler, and Angela Davis. Third-wave feminists advocate for a broader understanding of gender and challenge the binary view of gender as strictly male or female. **Example of Non-Feminist Normative Theory: Essentialism** Essentialism is the belief that certain traits or characteristics are inherent and unchangeable in individuals based on their gender or other identities. This perspective can lead to stereotypes and limit the understanding of gender as a social construct. Third-wave feminists resist essentialist views by emphasizing that gender is fluid and shaped by cultural and social contexts. For instance, they argue against the notion that all women should conform to traditional feminine roles, advocating instead for the acceptance of diverse expressions of gender and sexuality. ### Conclusion In summary, the three waves of feminism—first, second, and third—each address different aspects of gender inequality and oppression. First-wave feminism focused on legal rights, second-wave feminism expanded the conversation to social and economic issues, and third-wave feminism emphasized diversity and intersectionality. Feminist ethical theories challenge non-feminist normative theories by highlighting their limitations and biases, advocating for a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of morality that considers the unique experiences of women and other marginalized groups. Through these critiques, feminism continues to evolve and push for a more equitable society.