Viscosity is defined as resistance to flow. Honey is an example of a highly viscous liquid because it is very sticky and flows very slowly. Generally, viscous substances have strong intermolecular forces. Why do you think having strong intermolecular forces would cause a substance to be highly viscous? What type of bond (ionic, non-polar covalent, or polar covalent) would form between a carbon atom and chlorine atom?

**1. Strong Intermolecular Forces and High Viscosity** Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. When a substance has strong intermolecular forces, its molecules are more tightly held together. Here's why strong intermolecular forces contribute to high viscosity: - **Molecular Interaction Strength:** In substances with strong intermolecular forces (such as hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions, or London dispersion forces), molecules are more strongly attracted to each other. This strong attraction makes it harder for the molecules to slide past one another. - **Energy Barrier for Movement:** To flow, molecules must move relative to each other. Strong intermolecular forces create a higher energy barrier that molecules must overcome to move, resulting in slower movement and increased resistance to flow. - **Structural Cohesion:** High intermolecular forces lead to greater cohesion within the liquid. This cohesive force resists the layers of molecules moving independently, thereby increasing the viscosity. **Example:** Honey is highly viscous because its molecules interact strongly through hydrogen bonding and other intermolecular forces. These strong interactions make honey sticky and cause it to flow slowly compared to less viscous liquids like water. **2. Type of Bond Between Carbon and Chlorine Atoms** Between a carbon (C) atom and a chlorine (Cl) atom, the bond formed is a **polar covalent bond**. Here's why: - **Electronegativity Difference:** - Carbon has an electronegativity of about 2.55. - Chlorine has a higher electronegativity of about 3.16. The difference in electronegativity (ΔEN = 3.16 - 2.55 = 0.61) indicates that chlorine attracts the shared electrons more strongly than carbon. - **Covalent Bonding:** - Both carbon and chlorine are nonmetals, and they share electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration. - **Polarity:** - Due to the electronegativity difference, the shared electrons spend more time closer to the chlorine atom, creating a dipole. This results in a polar covalent bond where chlorine carries a partial negative charge (δ-) and carbon carries a partial positive charge (δ+). **Summary:** The bond between carbon and chlorine is a **polar covalent bond** because it involves the sharing of electrons between two nonmetals with a significant difference in electronegativity, leading to unequal sharing and bond polarity.