Define the following terms: 1.1 homologous series 1.2 functional group write down the structural formula of the functional group for the following homologous series: 2.1 alcohols 2.2 aldehydes 2.3 carboxylic acids 2.4

Homologous series refers to a group of organic compounds that share a similar structural feature and exhibit a gradual change in physical properties. Each member of the series differs from the next by a specific number of carbon and hydrogen atoms, typically by a -CH₂- group. This consistency allows for predicting trends in behavior, solubility, and reactivity among the series members—think of it as a family of compounds with a common heritage! Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those compounds. They essentially dictate how a compound interacts with others, making them vital in distinguishing between different classes of organic compounds. For example, the hydroxyl group (-OH) defines alcohols and the carbonyl group (C=O) is what makes aldehydes unique. Understanding functional groups helps chemists unlock the secrets of molecular behavior! The structural formula for alcohols includes the hydroxyl group (-OH), for aldehydes it’s the carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydrogen atom attached (R-CHO), and for carboxylic acids it’s the carboxyl group (-COOH).