15. Define the following terms - Mutation - Carcinogens

Here are the definitions for the terms "Mutation" and "Carcinogens": 1. **Mutation**: A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. This alteration can occur due to various factors, including errors during DNA replication, exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. Mutations can be classified into several types, such as point mutations (single nucleotide changes), insertions, deletions, and larger chromosomal alterations. While some mutations may have no effect or be beneficial, others can lead to diseases, including cancer. 2. **Carcinogens**: Carcinogens are substances or agents that are known to cause cancer in living tissue. They can be chemical compounds, physical agents (like radiation), or biological agents (such as certain viruses). Carcinogens can induce mutations in DNA or promote the growth of cancer cells. The classification of carcinogens is often based on evidence from epidemiological studies, laboratory research, and animal studies, and they are categorized into groups based on their level of risk to humans.