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(b) Simplify:
The expression simplifies to .
The expression simplifies to
(d) Simplify:
The expression simplifies to .
The expression simplifies to
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Let’s break down each part.
For the first expression, we can use trigonometric identities. Notably,
and
. Hence, the expression simplifies to
which equals
(for
not equal to
,
). Simplifying the denominator involves
.
For the second expression, we apply the cosine identity:
and
. Thus, the numerator simplifies to
, making the whole expression undefined as the denominator
does not affect the outcome of the numerator being zero.
So it results in the forms
and undefined respectively!