2 a) Explain FIVE reasons why conflict may arise between staff and line manager (10 marks)
b) Outline FIVE work related factors that may cause stress to an employee (10 marks)

a) Reasons Why Conflict May Arise Between Staff and Line Manager

1. Poor Communication
   Ineffective or unclear communication can lead to misinterpretations of tasks, expectations, or feedback. For example, if a line manager’s instructions are ambiguous, staff may be confused about priorities, resulting in frustration and conflict.
2. Lack of Trust
   When employees feel that their line manager is not transparent or fair, it can lead to a breakdown of trust. A lack of trust may cause employees to question decisions and policies, leading to tension and conflict.
3. Unclear Roles and Responsibilities
   If there is ambiguity about job responsibilities, employees and managers may have differing opinions on who is accountable for what. This uncertainty can trigger disputes over workload distribution and performance expectations.
4. Differences in Expectations and Management Style
   Conflicts may occur when a line manager’s style (e.g., very controlling or overly lenient) does not align with the employees’ preferred way of working. Mismatched expectations regarding work pace, quality, or methods can result in recurring disagreements.
5. Perceived Favoritism or Inequitable Treatment
   If employees believe that a line manager is favoring certain staff members over others, it can lead to feelings of resentment. This perceived inequality in treatment may spark conflicts as employees compare their recognition, workload, and opportunities.

b) Work-Related Factors That May Cause Stress to an Employee

1. Excessive Workload
   A heavy workload or unrealistic performance targets can lead to stress. When the amount of work exceeds the individual’s capacity, employees may experience burnout or decreased job satisfaction.
2. Long Working Hours and Poor Work-Life Balance
   Extended work hours or erratic schedules can interfere with personal life, reducing time for rest and recuperation. This imbalance between work and personal life is a significant source of stress.
3. Role Ambiguity and Unclear Job Expectations
   When employees are uncertain about their responsibilities or how their performance is measured, it can create stress. This ambiguity may lead to anxiety over possibly making mistakes or failing to meet hidden expectations.
4. Lack of Control Over Work
   Employees who have little say in how tasks are performed or who feel micromanaged may experience increased stress. A perceived loss of autonomy often contributes to a stressful work environment.
5. Poor Social Support and Conflict at Work
   Negative interpersonal relationships, including conflicts with peers or supervisors, and a lack of support from colleagues can elevate stress levels. A hostile work environment makes it difficult for employees to manage daily pressures effectively.