d-of-section questions a List six characteristics of all living organisms. b In which three ways do human cells differ from those of plants? c Draw a fully labelled diagram of the structure of a typical (unspecialised) animal cell and describe the function of each part.

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Sure, I can help you with those questions. Let's tackle each part one by one.

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### **a. List Six Characteristics of All Living Organisms**

All living organisms share certain fundamental characteristics that distinguish them from non-living things. Here are six key characteristics:

1. **Cellular Organization**
   - **Description:** All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.
   
2. **Metabolism**
   - **Description:** They exhibit metabolic processes, including chemical reactions that convert energy from one form to another to sustain life.
   
3. **Growth and Development**
   - **Description:** Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for by their genes.
   
4. **Homeostasis**
   - **Description:** They maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
   
5. **Reproduction**
   - **Description:** Living things can reproduce themselves, either sexually or asexually, to produce new individuals.
   
6. **Response to Stimuli**
   - **Description:** They can respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch, enabling them to adapt to their surroundings.

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### **b. In Which Three Ways Do Human Cells Differ from Those of Plants?**

Human cells and plant cells are both eukaryotic and share many similarities, but there are key differences between them. Here are three primary differences:

1. **Presence of a Cell Wall**
   - **Human Cells:** Do **not** have a cell wall.
   - **Plant Cells:** Have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose that provides structural support and protection.
   
2. **Chloroplasts**
   - **Human Cells:** Lack chloroplasts, as they do not perform photosynthesis.
   - **Plant Cells:** Contain chloroplasts, which are the sites of photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert light energy into chemical energy.
   
3. **Central Vacuole Size**
   - **Human Cells:** Typically have small or no vacuoles.
   - **Plant Cells:** Possess a large central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and helps maintain cell rigidity.

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### **c. Draw a Fully Labelled Diagram of the Structure of a Typical (Unspecialised) Animal Cell and Describe the Function of Each Part**

While I cannot provide a drawing here, I can describe the components you should include in your diagram and their functions. You can use this description to create a labeled diagram.

#### **Components to Include in the Diagram:**

1. **Cell Membrane**
   - **Function:** A semi-permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining the internal environment.
   
2. **Nucleus**
   - **Function:** Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities, including growth and reproduction.
   
3. **Cytoplasm**
   - **Function:** A gel-like substance where most cellular activities occur; it holds the organelles in place.
   
4. **Mitochondria**
   - **Function:** Powerhouses of the cell that generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for cell functions.
   
5. **Ribosomes**
   - **Function:** Sites of protein synthesis, where amino acids are assembled into proteins based on genetic instructions.
   
6. **Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)**
   - **Rough ER:**
     - **Function:** Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and processing.
   - **Smooth ER:**
     - **Function:** Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
   
7. **Golgi Apparatus**
   - **Function:** Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.
   
8. **Lysosomes**
   - **Function:** Contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
   
9. **Centrosomes and Centrioles**
   - **Function:** Play a role in organizing microtubules and are important during cell division for the formation of the spindle fibers.
   
10. **Cytoskeleton**
    - **Function:** A network of fibers that maintains the cell’s shape, secures organelles in specific positions, and allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell.
    
11. **Vacuoles (Small)**
    - **Function:** Store nutrients, waste products, or other materials needed by the cell.

#### **Diagram Tips:**

- **Shape:** Typically, an animal cell is depicted as a roughly circular or irregular shape.
- **Labeling:** Clearly label each part with arrows pointing to the corresponding structures.
- **Arrangement:** Position organelles in proportion to each other to reflect a realistic cell structure.
  
#### **Example Description:**

1. **Cell Membrane:** Outline the boundary of the cell.
2. **Nucleus:** A large, central organelle with a smaller inner structure (nucleolus) inside.
3. **Mitochondria:** Oval-shaped with a wavy inner membrane.
4. **Ribosomes:** Small dots scattered throughout the cytoplasm and on the Rough ER.
5. **Rough ER:** A series of flattened sacs connected to the nucleus, with ribosomes attached.
6. **Smooth ER:** Similar to Rough ER but with no ribosomes.
7. **Golgi Apparatus:** Stacks of flattened membranous sacs.
8. **Lysosomes:** Spherical vesicles distributed in the cytoplasm.
9. **Centrosomes/Centrioles:** Located near the nucleus, each centrosome contains two centrioles.
10. **Cytoskeleton:** Represented by network lines within the cytoplasm.
11. **Small Vacuoles:** Tiny vesicles dispersed throughout the cell.

By including these components in your diagram with appropriate labels and a clear structure, you'll effectively represent a typical unspecialised animal cell.

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Feel free to ask if you need further clarification or assistance with any of these topics!
**a. Six Characteristics of All Living Organisms:** 1. **Cellular Organization:** Made of cells. 2. **Metabolism:** Perform chemical reactions for energy. 3. **Growth and Development:** Grow and develop based on genetic instructions. 4. **Homeostasis:** Maintain stable internal conditions. 5. **Reproduction:** Can reproduce to create new individuals. 6. **Response to Stimuli:** React to environmental changes. **b. Three Ways Human Cells Differ from Plant Cells:** 1. **Cell Wall:** Human cells lack a rigid cell wall; plant cells have one. 2. **Chloroplasts:** Human cells do not have chloroplasts; plant cells do. 3. **Central Vacuole:** Human cells have small or no vacuoles; plant cells have large central vacuoles. **c. Structure of a Typical Animal Cell:** - **Cell Membrane:** Controls substance movement. - **Nucleus:** Contains genetic material. - **Cytoplasm:** Holds organelles. - **Mitochondria:** Generates energy. - **Ribosomes:** Synthesize proteins. - **Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth):** Involved in protein and lipid processing. - **Golgi Apparatus:** Modifies and packages proteins. - **Lysosomes:** Break down waste materials. - **Centrosomes and Centrioles:** Organize cell division. - **Cytoskeleton:** Maintains cell shape and supports movement. - **Vacuoles:** Store nutrients and waste. *Note: A labeled diagram should be drawn to visualize these components and their functions.*

d-of-section questions a List six characteristics of all living organisms. b In which three ways do human cells differ from those of plants? c Draw a fully labelled diagram of the structure of a typical (unspecialised) animal cell and describe the function of each part.

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