d-of-section questions a List six characteristics of all living organisms. b In which three ways do human cells differ from those of plants? c Draw a fully labelled diagram of the structure of a typical (unspecialised) animal cell and describe the function of each part.

Sure, I can help you with those questions. Let's tackle each part one by one. --- ### **a. List Six Characteristics of All Living Organisms** All living organisms share certain fundamental characteristics that distinguish them from non-living things. Here are six key characteristics: 1. **Cellular Organization** - **Description:** All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life. 2. **Metabolism** - **Description:** They exhibit metabolic processes, including chemical reactions that convert energy from one form to another to sustain life. 3. **Growth and Development** - **Description:** Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for by their genes. 4. **Homeostasis** - **Description:** They maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. 5. **Reproduction** - **Description:** Living things can reproduce themselves, either sexually or asexually, to produce new individuals. 6. **Response to Stimuli** - **Description:** They can respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch, enabling them to adapt to their surroundings. --- ### **b. In Which Three Ways Do Human Cells Differ from Those of Plants?** Human cells and plant cells are both eukaryotic and share many similarities, but there are key differences between them. Here are three primary differences: 1. **Presence of a Cell Wall** - **Human Cells:** Do **not** have a cell wall. - **Plant Cells:** Have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose that provides structural support and protection. 2. **Chloroplasts** - **Human Cells:** Lack chloroplasts, as they do not perform photosynthesis. - **Plant Cells:** Contain chloroplasts, which are the sites of photosynthesis, allowing plants to convert light energy into chemical energy. 3. **Central Vacuole Size** - **Human Cells:** Typically have small or no vacuoles. - **Plant Cells:** Possess a large central vacuole that stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and helps maintain cell rigidity. --- ### **c. Draw a Fully Labelled Diagram of the Structure of a Typical (Unspecialised) Animal Cell and Describe the Function of Each Part** While I cannot provide a drawing here, I can describe the components you should include in your diagram and their functions. You can use this description to create a labeled diagram. #### **Components to Include in the Diagram:** 1. **Cell Membrane** - **Function:** A semi-permeable membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining the internal environment. 2. **Nucleus** - **Function:** Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities, including growth and reproduction. 3. **Cytoplasm** - **Function:** A gel-like substance where most cellular activities occur; it holds the organelles in place. 4. **Mitochondria** - **Function:** Powerhouses of the cell that generate ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for cell functions. 5. **Ribosomes** - **Function:** Sites of protein synthesis, where amino acids are assembled into proteins based on genetic instructions. 6. **Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)** - **Rough ER:** - **Function:** Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and processing. - **Smooth ER:** - **Function:** Lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes. 7. **Golgi Apparatus** - **Function:** Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell. 8. **Lysosomes** - **Function:** Contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. 9. **Centrosomes and Centrioles** - **Function:** Play a role in organizing microtubules and are important during cell division for the formation of the spindle fibers. 10. **Cytoskeleton** - **Function:** A network of fibers that maintains the cell’s shape, secures organelles in specific positions, and allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell. 11. **Vacuoles (Small)** - **Function:** Store nutrients, waste products, or other materials needed by the cell. #### **Diagram Tips:** - **Shape:** Typically, an animal cell is depicted as a roughly circular or irregular shape. - **Labeling:** Clearly label each part with arrows pointing to the corresponding structures. - **Arrangement:** Position organelles in proportion to each other to reflect a realistic cell structure. #### **Example Description:** 1. **Cell Membrane:** Outline the boundary of the cell. 2. **Nucleus:** A large, central organelle with a smaller inner structure (nucleolus) inside. 3. **Mitochondria:** Oval-shaped with a wavy inner membrane. 4. **Ribosomes:** Small dots scattered throughout the cytoplasm and on the Rough ER. 5. **Rough ER:** A series of flattened sacs connected to the nucleus, with ribosomes attached. 6. **Smooth ER:** Similar to Rough ER but with no ribosomes. 7. **Golgi Apparatus:** Stacks of flattened membranous sacs. 8. **Lysosomes:** Spherical vesicles distributed in the cytoplasm. 9. **Centrosomes/Centrioles:** Located near the nucleus, each centrosome contains two centrioles. 10. **Cytoskeleton:** Represented by network lines within the cytoplasm. 11. **Small Vacuoles:** Tiny vesicles dispersed throughout the cell. By including these components in your diagram with appropriate labels and a clear structure, you'll effectively represent a typical unspecialised animal cell. --- Feel free to ask if you need further clarification or assistance with any of these topics!