13. List and describe 3 treatment options for cancer.

Cancer treatment typically involves a combination of different approaches tailored to the type, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Here are three common treatment options for cancer: 1. **Surgery** - **Description:** Surgery involves the physical removal of cancerous tumors and surrounding tissues from the body. It is often one of the first treatment options considered, especially if the cancer is localized and has not spread to other parts of the body. - **Purpose:** The primary goals of surgery are to remove the cancer entirely, reduce tumor size to alleviate symptoms, and obtain tissue samples for diagnosis and staging. - **Types:** Depending on the cancer type and location, surgeries can range from minimally invasive procedures like laparoscopies to more extensive operations, such as radical surgeries that remove larger sections of tissue or entire organs. 2. **Radiation Therapy** - **Description:** Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves, such as X-rays or gamma rays, to destroy or damage cancer cells. It can be delivered externally (external beam radiation) or internally (brachytherapy) by placing radioactive material inside the body near cancer cells. - **Purpose:** The main objectives are to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors before surgery, eliminate remaining cancer cells post-surgery, or relieve symptoms caused by tumors pressing on vital structures. - **Advantages:** Radiation therapy is a non-invasive treatment option that can target specific areas, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues when precisely administered. 3. **Chemotherapy** - **Description:** Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs that kill rapidly dividing cells, a common characteristic of cancer cells. These drugs can be administered orally, intravenously, or through other methods, depending on the specific medication and treatment plan. - **Purpose:** Chemotherapy can be used to cure cancer, control its growth, or alleviate symptoms. It is often employed when cancer has spread (metastasized) beyond its original location, making surgical removal challenging. - **Considerations:** While effective, chemotherapy can also affect healthy rapidly dividing cells, leading to side effects such as fatigue, nausea, hair loss, and increased susceptibility to infections. Managing these side effects is an essential aspect of cancer care. **Note:** Treatment plans are highly individualized, and healthcare providers may combine these and other therapies (such as immunotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy) to achieve the best possible outcomes for each patient. It's crucial for patients to discuss all available options, potential benefits, and risks with their oncology team.