1. Give the correct biological term for each of the following: 1.1 Type of nutrition shown by all fungi. 1.2 Structures by means of which fungi reproduce. 1.3 Hyphae of bread mould that penetrate the substrate (bread). 1.4 Hyphae of bread mould that creep along the substrate. 1.5 Upright, aerial hyphae of bread mould that bear sporangia. 2. Explain the TWO different types of nutrition that fungi undergo and give an example of each. 3. Describe ONE SIMILARITY and ONE DIFFERENCE between fungi and plant

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Certainly! Below are the detailed answers to your questions regarding fungi biology:

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### **1. Biological Terms**

#### **1.1. Type of Nutrition Shown by All Fungi**
**Answer:** **Absorptive (Heterotrophic) Nutrition**

- **Explanation:** All fungi are heterotrophic organisms, meaning they cannot produce their own food through photosynthesis. Instead, they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their surroundings. They secrete enzymes into the environment to break down complex organic substances into simpler compounds, which are then absorbed through their cell walls.

#### **1.2. Structures by Means of Which Fungi Reproduce**
**Answer:** **Spores**

- **Explanation:** Fungi reproduce primarily through spores, which are specialized reproductive cells. Spores can be produced sexually or asexually, depending on the fungal species. They are typically dispersed into the environment and can germinate to form new fungal individuals under suitable conditions.

#### **1.3. Hyphae of Bread Mould That Penetrate the Substrate (Bread)**
**Answer:** **Penetration Hyphae**

- **Explanation:** In bread moulds like *Rhizopus*, penetration hyphae are specialized filamentous structures that grow into and penetrate the substrate (e.g., bread) to absorb nutrients. These hyphae directly enter the material, facilitating efficient nutrient uptake.

#### **1.4. Hyphae of Bread Mould That Creep Along the Substrate**
**Answer:** **Exploratory Hyphae**

- **Explanation:** Exploratory hyphae are responsible for spreading across the surface of the substrate. They extend outward to explore new areas for nutrient acquisition. This creeping movement allows the fungus to efficiently cover and colonize the available food source.

#### **1.5. Upright, Aerial Hyphae of Bread Mould That Bear Sporangia**
**Answer:** **Sporangiophores**

- **Explanation:** Sporangiophores are specialized upright hyphal structures that extend above the substrate. They bear sporangia, which are sacs containing spores. This elevation facilitates the dispersal of spores into the environment, aiding in the reproductive cycle of the fungus.

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### **2. Types of Nutrition in Fungi**

Fungi exhibit two primary types of nutrition:

#### **a. Saprophytic Nutrition**
- **Description:** Saprophytic fungi obtain nutrients by decomposing dead and decaying organic matter. They play a crucial role in ecosystems by breaking down complex organic materials, recycling nutrients back into the environment.
- **Example:** *Rhizopus stolonifer* (Bread Mould) decomposes stale bread and other carbohydrate-rich materials.

#### **b. Parasitic Nutrition**
- **Description:** Parasitic fungi derive their nutrients by living on or within living hosts, often causing harm to the host organism. This type of nutrition can lead to diseases in plants, animals, and humans.
- **Example:** *Tinea pedis* (Athlete's Foot Fungus) infects human skin, causing the common athlete's foot condition.

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### **3. Similarity and Difference Between Fungi and Plants**

#### **Similarity:**
- **Presence of Cell Walls:** Both fungi and plants have cell walls surrounding their cells. This structural feature provides rigidity and protection. However, the composition of these cell walls differs between the two kingdoms.

#### **Difference:**
- **Mode of Nutrition:**
  - **Fungi:** **Heterotrophic** – Fungi obtain their nutrients through absorption. They secrete enzymes to break down organic matter externally and then absorb the resulting nutrients.
  - **Plants:** **Autotrophic** – Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to synthesize carbohydrates.

- **Additional Note on Cell Wall Composition:**
  - **Fungi:** Their cell walls are primarily made of **chitin**, a strong, flexible compound.
  - **Plants:** Their cell walls are primarily composed of **cellulose**, a carbohydrate polymer.

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These distinctions and characteristics are fundamental to understanding the biology and ecological roles of fungi in comparison to plants.
**1. Biological Terms:** 1.1. **Type of Nutrition Shown by All Fungi:** Heterotrophic Nutrition 1.2. **Structures by Means of Which Fungi Reproduce:** Spores 1.3. **Hyphae of Bread Mould That Penetrate the Substrate:** Penetration Hyphae 1.4. **Hyphae of Bread Mould That Creep Along the Substrate:** Exploratory Hyphae 1.5. **Upright, Aerial Hyphae of Bread Mould That Bear Sporangia:** Sporangiophores --- **2. Types of Nutrition in Fungi:** - **Saprophytic Nutrition:** Fungi decompose dead organic matter. - *Example:* Bread Mould (*Rhizopus stolonifer*) breaks down stale bread. - **Parasitic Nutrition:** Fungi live on or within living hosts, causing harm. - *Example:* Athlete's Foot Fungus (*Tinea pedis*) infects human skin. --- **3. Similarity and Difference Between Fungi and Plants:** - **Similarity:** Both have cell walls that provide structure and protection. - **Difference:** Fungi are **heterotrophic** (absorb nutrients), while plants are **autotrophic** (produce their own food through photosynthesis).

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