SECTION 2.3-ADDITIONAL DISPLAYS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA This section talls more of visual summarization of qualitative data using charts and graphs. 10. Give the names to all the tables and graphs used. Only a few of them will be on erams, 11. In a frequency polygon, what values go on the xaxis and what go on the havis? 12. In an ogive, what values go on the xaxis and what go on the yavis? NOTES: Pay extra attention on what numbers are used on the x-avis. SECTION 2.4-GRAPHICAL MISREPRESENTATIONS OF DATA 13. Describe three ways data can be misrepresented through graphs.

### SECTION 2.3 - ADDITIONAL DISPLAYS OF QUANTITATIVE DATA **10. Names of Tables and Graphs Used** - **Tables:** - Frequency Tables - Relative Frequency Tables - Cumulative Frequency Tables - **Graphs:** - Histogram - Frequency Polygon - Ogive (Cumulative Frequency Graph) - Box Plot (Box-and-Whisker Plot) - Scatter Plot - Stem-and-Leaf Plot *Note:* Commonly used tables and graphs in exams include histograms, frequency polygons, ogives, and box plots. --- **11. Frequency Polygon: X-axis and Y-axis Values** - **X-axis (Horizontal Axis):** Class midpoints or class boundaries. - **Y-axis (Vertical Axis):** Frequency of each class interval. *Example:* ``` Frequency | | * | * * | * * |____*_________*____ Midpoints ``` --- **12. Ogive: X-axis and Y-axis Values** - **X-axis (Horizontal Axis):** Upper class boundaries or class limits. - **Y-axis (Vertical Axis):** Cumulative frequency. *Example:* ``` Cumulative Frequency | | * | * | * |____*_________*____ Upper Boundaries ``` **Note:** Ensure the x-axis accurately reflects class boundaries to correctly represent cumulative frequencies. --- ### SECTION 2.4 - GRAPHICAL MISREPRESENTATIONS OF DATA **13. Three Ways Data Can Be Misrepresented Through Graphs** 1. **Distorted Scales:** - **Description:** Manipulating axis scales to exaggerate or minimize data differences. - **Impact:** Misleads about the magnitude of changes or differences. 2. **Omitting Data:** - **Description:** Excluding certain data points or categories from the graph. - **Impact:** Provides an incomplete view, leading to incorrect conclusions. 3. **Inappropriate Graph Types:** - **Description:** Using a graph type that doesn't suit the data or intended message. - **Impact:** Obscures true relationships or misrepresents data structure. **Avoid Misrepresentation:** - Choose appropriate graph types. - Use honest and uniform scales. - Present complete data to ensure transparency. By following these practices, graphs accurately represent data and convey information effectively.