a) Describe how one can determine if the bridging oxygen in an ester is from an a Icohol or from the carboxylic acid. $$ \mathrm{ks}) $$ b) Explain why amides are weaker bases than amines. ks ) c) Draw the enol-keto forms of propanone d) Explain why $$ \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH} $$ has a lower Ka than $$ \mathrm{CH}_{2} \mathrm{ClCOOH} \quad $$ (2marks)

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Summers Barber · Accepted Answer

a) To determine if the bridging oxygen in an ester is from an alcohol or carboxylic acid, use sodium bisulfite or thiosulfate. If it's from the carboxylic acid, a cloudy solution forms; if from the alcohol, the solution remains clear. b) Amides are weaker bases than amines due to the electron-withdrawing carbonyl group, which reduces the availability of the lone pair on nitrogen. c) Propanone has enol and keto forms: enol (H2C=CH-CH2OH) and keto (CH3-CO-CH3). d) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) has a lower Ka than chloroacetic acid (CH2ClCOOH) because the chlorine atom in chloroacetic acid withdraws electron density, making it a stronger acid.

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