Question 2 (1 point) \( \begin{array}{l}\text { What does the modern biological perspective suggest about the origin of } \\ \text { psychological disorders? } \\ \text { Disorders are primarily the result of poor parenting and traumatic experiences. } \\ \text { They result from complex interactions between genetic makeup, brain chemistry, } \\ \text { and environmental factors. } \\ \text { Psychological disorders are caused by learned behaviors that can be unlearned. } \\ \text { All psychological disorders can be traced back to a single identifiable gene. }\end{array} \) Ouestion 3 (1 noint)

(B) State TWO ways in which flagellum helps a microorganism survive in an open environment. (2 ma All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, reco otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Institute of Technical Education, Singapo Institute of Technical Education has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if inadvertently overlooked any, we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements a

Calculate the cfu/cm \( \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) for a tested surface of 4 cm in length and 3 cm in width if the number of colonies on the agar plate is 96 cfu. (A) \( 8 \mathrm{cfu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) (B) \( 12 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \). (C) \( 72 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \) (D) \( 128 \mathrm{cmu} / \mathrm{cm}^{2} \)

(B) (i) Explain THREE precaution steps during decontamination of biohazard wastes in bag using an autoclave. (ii) Describe TWO materials that will remain undamaged after autoclaving.

34 (A) (i) Explain ONE purpose of air monitoring. (ii) Describe TWO factors that will affect air quality.

(A) State ONE example of selective media that can be used to isolate [3 marks] EACH of the following microorganisms. (i) Gram positive bacteria. (ii) Staphylococci spp. (iii) Gram negative bacteria.