6. New Spain and New France were led by out the European king's or queen's orders.
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New Spain and New France were established as colonies of the Spanish and French empires, respectively, and both were managed by viceroys and governors who acted on behalf of the European monarchs. In New Spain, for example, the viceroyalty was overseen by the viceroy, who was appointed by the Spanish crown and held significant power over local governance, economy, and trade, creating a rich tapestry of culture and influence in the Americas. Meanwhile, New France was governed by a system where the king appointed a governor-general and an intendant to oversee military and civil affairs. The French pursued a policy of integration and trade with Indigenous peoples, which shaped a unique colonial society. This blending of French and Native cultures laid the groundwork for lasting legacies in regions that today make up Canada and parts of the United States.