The policy had a profound impact on Russia, both economically Communism led to a severe decline in industrial production and agriculture. The requisitioning of grain led to widespread famine, as peasants had no incentive to produce surplus grain. The nationalisation of industries and the introduction of compulsory labour led to a drop in productivity, as workers had no motivation to work hard. The barter system. introduced due to the collapse of the monetary system, was ineffective and led to further economic decline. Similar to the impact of industrialisation and democracy, these drastic changes had significant repercussions on the economy and society. The years of the war had left mines flooded. machines smashed, factories and railways in ruins. War Communism led to widespread discontent among the Russian populatıon. The policy was deeply unpopular among the peasants, who made up the majority of the population. The requisitioning of grain led to famine and death, and the introduction of compulsory labour was seen as a return to serfdom. The peasants burned their crops and killed their livestock. This discontent led to numerous peasant's revolts, which were brutally suppressed by the Red Army. The centralisation and control of resources during War communism had parallels with other historical periods, such as warfare organisation, where military needs dictated social structures and policies. [From. tutorchase com-Oxford University: BA History] Refer to Source 1A. 1.1.1 Define the historical term Communism in your own words. \( (1 \times 2) \) (2) 1.1.2 Explain in your own words, what was the German philosopher Karl Marx's viewpoint on capitalism. 1.1.3 List two reasons why groups inside and outside Russia opposed Lenin's communist regime. \[ (1 \times 2) \] \[ (2 \times 1) \] 1.1.4 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain why the communist revolution of 1917 took place in Russia. \( (1 \times 2) \) 1.1.5 Explain why you think the new communist government introduced the economic policy War Communism. \( (2 \times 2) \) (4)

### 1.1.1 Define the historical term Communism in your own words. **Communism** is a political and economic system where all property and means of production are owned collectively by the community, aiming to create a classless society with equal distribution of resources. --- ### 1.1.2 Explain in your own words, what was the German philosopher Karl Marx's viewpoint on capitalism. Karl Marx believed that capitalism inherently leads to class struggles between the bourgeoisie (owners of capital) and the proletariat (working class). He argued that capitalism exploits workers, generates economic inequalities, and would eventually be overthrown by the proletariat to establish a classless, communist society. --- ### 1.1.3 List two reasons why groups inside and outside Russia opposed Lenin's communist regime. 1. **Economic Decline and Famine:** The requisitioning of grain and nationalization of industries led to widespread famine and reduced productivity, causing suffering among the population. 2. **Suppression of Freedoms:** The introduction of compulsory labor and harsh measures against dissent, such as the brutal suppression of peasant revolts by the Red Army, led to discontent and resistance both within Russia and from external observers who opposed authoritarian control. --- ### 1.1.4 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain why the communist revolution of 1917 took place in Russia. The communist revolution of 1917 occurred in Russia due to severe economic hardships caused by World War I, including industrial decline, agricultural failures, and widespread famine. Additionally, the government's War Communism policies were deeply unpopular, leading to widespread discontent among peasants and workers. These factors created a fertile ground for revolution, as the majority sought to overthrow the existing regime in favor of a system promising equality and stability. --- ### 1.1.5 Explain why you think the new communist government introduced the economic policy War Communism. The new communist government likely introduced **War Communism** as a necessary measure to maintain control and manage resources during the chaotic period of the Russian Civil War. By nationalizing industries and requisitioning grain, the government aimed to ensure that the military and urban populations were supplied with essential goods. Additionally, centralized control was seen as a way to rapidly mobilize the economy for the war effort and consolidate power amidst internal and external threats. ---