10. How did China's geography influence the directions in which rulers chose to expand their empires? The geography of China influences the direction rulers chose to expand their empire because

The geography of China influences the direction rulers chose to expand their empire because natural barriers such as vast mountain ranges (like the Himalayas and Kunlun Mountains), expansive deserts (such as the Gobi and Taklamakan), and large rivers (including the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers) limited direct westward and northward expansion. These formidable landscapes made certain regions difficult to access and control, prompting Chinese rulers to focus their expansion efforts toward the south and east, where the terrain was more navigable and agriculturally productive. Additionally, the fertile plains and river valleys facilitated the establishment of stable agricultural communities, which served as centers for economic and military strength. Coastal areas provided access to maritime trade routes, encouraging outward expansion and interaction with neighboring regions through the sea. Consequently, China's geographical features played a crucial role in shaping the strategic directions of imperial expansion, ensuring that growth occurred in areas where governance was more feasible and resources could be effectively utilized.