According to a Ch. 10 map, the last Islamic conquests included Persia the Byzantine Empire Egypt North Africa and Spain

The last major Islamic conquests during the early Middle Ages significantly transformed Earth's political and cultural landscapes. By the 8th century, Islamic armies had expanded into Persia, dismantling the Sasanian Empire, and carried out incursions into the Byzantine Empire, capturing key territories like Syria and parts of Anatolia. This era marked not just military victories but also the spread of Islamic culture, language, and science across these regions. The conquests of North Africa and Spain introduced a dynamic intercultural exchange. As Muslim rule spread into the Iberian Peninsula, it evolved into Al-Andalus, known for its advancements in architecture, philosophy, and the arts. The coexistence of Muslims, Christians, and Jews during this period laid the groundwork for a rich cultural heritage that still echoes today in Spanish history and beyond.