Whorls, loops, and arches are the three common fingerprint ___ minutiae
ridge patterns
focal points
bifurcations

Whorls, loops, and arches are the three common fingerprint ridge patterns that help in the identification and classification of fingerprints. Each pattern has distinctive features; for example, whorls are circular or spiral patterns, loops have one or more ridges that enter from one side and exit on the same side, while arches have ridges that rise in the center, creating a wave-like appearance.

Fingerprint analysis dates back to ancient Babylon and was used for business transactions. However, it gained immense popularity in the late 19th century when Sir Edward Henry developed a classification system that is still in use today. This system revolutionized forensic science and is crucial for criminal investigations and personal identification.