C. Answer the questions. 1. What is a disorder? 2. How is a disorder different from a disease caused by a virus? 3. What are some of the most common disorders? 4. How does cholesterol cause a heart attack?

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**C. Answer the Questions**

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**1. What is a disorder?**

A **disorder** is a disruption to the regular functioning or structure of the body or mind. It can manifest as a physical, mental, or developmental condition that impairs normal activities and may cause distress or dysfunction. Disorders can result from a variety of factors, including genetic predispositions, environmental influences, lifestyle choices, or a combination of these. Examples include mental health disorders like depression and anxiety, physical disorders like diabetes or hypertension, and developmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder.

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**2. How is a disorder different from a disease caused by a virus?**

While both **disorders** and **viral diseases** affect an individual's health, they differ primarily in their causes and nature:

- **Cause:**
  - **Disorder:** Often results from internal factors such as genetic mutations, imbalances in brain chemistry, lifestyle choices, or chronic conditions. For example, schizophrenia is a mental disorder with complex causes including genetics and brain structure.
  - **Viral Disease:** Caused by pathogens, specifically viruses, which are infectious agents that invade the body. Examples include the flu, COVID-19, and HIV/AIDS.

- **Nature:**
  - **Disorder:** May be chronic and non-infectious, often requiring long-term management. Disorders can sometimes be lifelong conditions.
  - **Viral Disease:** Typically infectious and can spread from person to person. While some viral infections are acute and resolve with time or treatment, others can lead to chronic conditions.

- **Treatment Approaches:**
  - **Disorder:** Treatment may involve therapy, medication, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these, depending on the type of disorder.
  - **Viral Disease:** Treatment often includes antiviral medications, vaccines for prevention, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

In summary, disorders are generally non-infectious conditions arising from internal factors, whereas viral diseases are caused by external infectious agents.

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**3. What are some of the most common disorders?**

Some of the most common disorders affecting individuals worldwide include:

- **Mental Health Disorders:**
  - **Anxiety Disorders:** Includes generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
  - **Depressive Disorders:** Such as major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.
  - **Bipolar Disorder:** Characterized by mood swings between mania and depression.
  - **Schizophrenia:** A severe mental disorder affecting thinking, feeling, and behavior.

- **Chronic Physical Disorders:**
  - **Hypertension (High Blood Pressure):** A condition where the force of blood against artery walls is too high.
  - **Diabetes Mellitus:** Especially Type 2 diabetes, affecting blood sugar regulation.
  - **Asthma:** A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs.
  - **Arthritis:** Inflammation of the joints, causing pain and stiffness.

- **Neurological Disorders:**
  - **Migraine:** Recurrent headaches with varying intensity and associated symptoms.
  - **Parkinson’s Disease:** A progressive nervous system disorder affecting movement.

- **Developmental Disorders:**
  - **Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):** A range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, and communication.

These disorders represent a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems, highlighting the importance of effective prevention, diagnosis, and management strategies.

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**4. How does cholesterol cause a heart attack?**

Cholesterol plays a pivotal role in the development of **atherosclerosis**, a condition that can lead to heart attacks. Here's how elevated cholesterol levels contribute to this process:

1. **Cholesterol Accumulation:** When there is an excess of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) in the blood, it can accumulate on the inner walls of arteries.

2. **Plaque Formation:** The deposited LDL cholesterol undergoes oxidation, triggering an inflammatory response. White blood cells (macrophages) consume the oxidized LDL, transforming into foam cells. These foam cells, along with calcium, cellular waste, and other substances, form fatty deposits known as plaques.

3. **Artery Narrowing (Stenosis):** As plaques build up, they cause the arteries to narrow and harden, reducing blood flow. This condition is known as atherosclerosis.

4. **Plaque Rupture and Clot Formation:** Plaques can become unstable and rupture. When a plaque ruptures, it exposes the inner core, leading to the formation of a blood clot (thrombosis) at the site.

5. **Blockage of Blood Flow:** The blood clot can further narrow or completely block the artery, preventing sufficient oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart muscle.

6. **Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction):** If the blockage persists, the affected part of the heart muscle begins to die due to lack of oxygen, resulting in a heart attack.

**Key Points:**
- **LDL Cholesterol:** High levels contribute to plaque buildup.
- **Inflammation:** Plays a role in plaque formation and instability.
- **Blood Clots:** Can acutely block blood flow despite existing narrowing.
- **Heart Muscle Damage:** Results from prolonged lack of oxygen, leading to a heart attack.

Managing cholesterol levels through diet, exercise, and, if necessary, medications like statins is crucial in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis and subsequent heart attacks.
**C. Answer the Questions** --- **1. What is a disorder?** A **disorder** is a condition that disrupts normal body or mind function, causing problems or discomfort. It can be physical, mental, or developmental and may require treatment. --- **2. How is a disorder different from a disease caused by a virus?** A **disorder** is usually a non-infectious condition caused by internal factors like genetics or lifestyle, while a **viral disease** is caused by external viruses that can spread from person to person. --- **3. What are some of the most common disorders?** Some common disorders include: - **Mental Health Disorders:** Anxiety, depression, schizophrenia. - **Chronic Physical Disorders:** High blood pressure, diabetes, asthma. - **Neurological Disorders:** Migraines, Parkinson’s disease. - **Developmental Disorders:** Autism spectrum disorder. --- **4. How does cholesterol cause a heart attack?** High cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in arteries. This narrows the arteries, reduces blood flow, and can cause blood clots. If a clot blocks blood flow to the heart, it results in a heart attack.

C. Answer the questions.

What is a disorder?

How is a disorder different from a disease caused by a virus?

What are some of the most common disorders?

How does cholesterol cause a heart attack?

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C. Answer the questions. What is a disorder? How is a disorder different from a disease caused by a virus? What are some of the most common disorders? How does cholesterol cause a heart attack?