\( 9-12 \) A \( 10 \mathrm{~cm} \times 10 \mathrm{~cm} \) plate has a constant surface tempera- ture of \( 150^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \). Determine the Grashof number if the chip is placed in the following fluids: air \( \left(1 \mathrm{~atm}, 30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) \), liquid water \( \left(30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) \), engine oil \( \left(10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) \). Discuss how the Grashof number affects the natural convection flow.
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The Deep Dive
To compute the Grashof number (\( Gr \)), we can use the formula \( Gr = \frac{g \beta (T_s - T_\infty) L^3}{\nu^2} \), where: - \( g \) = acceleration due to gravity (approximately \( 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 \)) - \( \beta \) = coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion (varies by fluid) - \( T_s \) = surface temperature of the plate (\( 150^{\circ}C \)) - \( T_\infty \) = fluid temperature (varying per fluid) - \( L \) = characteristic length (for a 10 cm plate, = 0.1 m) - \( \nu \) = kinematic viscosity of the fluid (varies by fluid) For each fluid, specific values of \( \beta \) and \( \nu \) will be required for calculation, but generally, this leads to the understanding that as the Grashof number increases, the buoyancy forces dominate the viscous forces, thereby enhancing the natural convection flow. A high \( Gr \) indicates strong natural convection, while a low \( Gr \) suggests weak convection. Considering the fluids: 1. **Air**: Typically has a low \( Gr \) due to low thermal expansion and relatively high viscosity, yet performs well in terms of convection around hot surfaces. 2. **Liquid Water**: Water's higher thermal expansion leads to a significantly larger \( Gr \) number, enhancing natural convection, especially at higher temperatures. 3. **Engine Oil**: Oil usually has a lower thermal expansion and a higher viscosity than water, which can result in a moderate \( Gr \) number but still less effective convection compared to water. Thus, you'll see that **higher Grashof numbers correspond to more vigorous natural convection**, while lower numbers indicate a more stable, less convective state.