\( \square \) is the study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources.

This field, commonly known as economics, originated in the 18th century with thinkers like Adam Smith, who advocated for free markets and commerce. It has since evolved, branching into microeconomics, focusing on individual choices, and macroeconomics, looking at the economy as a whole. Economists analyze how resources are allocated, influencing everything from public policies to personal finance decisions. In the real world, economics plays a crucial role in shaping policies that affect our daily lives, such as taxation, minimum wage laws, and trade agreements. Understanding economic principles helps individuals make informed decisions, whether it’s budgeting for a household or investing in a business. This knowledge can empower people to navigate market fluctuations and optimize resource use effectively.