Ancause the NEP aliowed elements of capitalism to neturn to Ruseia sornu Communiat Party huerhrchy viewed it as a celreal or an acknowhedgement itval. measure. it was intended to provide "breathing space" for the wouns af wat Lenin their economy, which was on the brink of collapse sfer sen while atements of petty staved off chticism from within his own party by declaring control of the "oommandine capitalisin would relum the Soviet govemment retanad conte and banking heights' of the economy industry mining hear Nevertheless the NEP did seem like a concession that earnan the NEP encouragec Much like chief minister Peter Stolypin's land reforms of the to enrich themselvass The and increased claes divisions by allowing some peasarnespite improved wages ang NEP did not solve all of Russia's economic ils either. Dock the cities. As s conmequence conditions, it became difficult to attract workers back much slower than its agnouthur Russia's industrial recovery in the early 1920 was mucr sio (Facovery (Fromi The New Lconomic Palicy (MIP) (alohahista yroml 14 Consult Source 1 C 141 Comment on the limitations of this source to a histonan studying the N. 142 Using the information from the source and your own knowiedge expla the NEP was criticised by the communists

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### 141. Limitations of the Source for a Historian Studying the NEP

The provided source exhibits several limitations that could hinder a historian's comprehensive understanding of the New Economic Policy (NEP):

1. **Clarity and Readability Issues**: The text contains numerous typographical errors and unclear phrases (e.g., "Ruseia sornu Communiat Party huerhrchy," "sfer sen while atements"). These inaccuracies may obscure the original meaning and make it challenging to interpret the author's intent accurately.

2. **Incomplete Information**: The excerpt appears fragmented and may lack context, making it difficult to grasp the full scope of the arguments or the specific aspects of the NEP being discussed.

3. **Potential Bias**: Without knowing the source's origin, it's unclear whether the perspective presented is neutral or biased. This uncertainty can affect the reliability of the information for objective historical analysis.

4. **Limited Scope**: The passage focuses primarily on the economic concessions of the NEP and its shortcomings but may not address other critical facets such as social, political, or international implications, thereby providing a narrow view of the policy.

5. **Absence of Supporting Evidence**: The excerpt does not reference specific data, events, or other sources that could corroborate its claims, limiting its usefulness for substantiating historical arguments.

### 142. Criticisms of the NEP by the Communists

The New Economic Policy (NEP), introduced by Vladimir Lenin in the early 1920s, was met with significant criticism from various factions within the Communist Party. Utilizing both the provided source and broader historical knowledge, the primary criticisms include:

1. **Concession to Capitalism**: The NEP reintroduced limited capitalist principles, such as private ownership of small businesses and the re-establishment of market mechanisms. Many communists viewed this as a betrayal of Marxist ideals, arguing that it allowed capitalist exploitation to resurface within the Soviet economy.

2. **Maintaining Hierarchical Control**: As the source indicates, the NEP was perceived by the Communist hierarchy as merely a temporary measure to prevent economic collapse. Critics contended that this approach maintained the existing power structures and did not promote genuine socialist transformation.

3. **Economic Inequality and Class Divisions**: By permitting elements of capitalism, the NEP inadvertently led to increased economic disparities. The emergence of a "new bourgeoisie" or "NEPmen" who thrived under the policy exacerbated class tensions, contrary to the Communist goal of a classless society.

4. **Slowing Industrial Recovery**: The source mentions that industrial recovery under the NEP was sluggish. Communists criticized the policy for not sufficiently prioritizing industrialization and socialist development, which they believed were essential for building a robust and self-sufficient state.

5. **Exploitation of Peasantry**: While the NEP aimed to reconcile with the peasantry by allowing some degree of market freedom, critics argued that it did not fully eliminate exploitation. The continuation of grain requisitioning and other coercive measures undermined the policy's purported benefits and alienated the rural population.

6. **Temporary Nature and Uncertainty**: The transient nature of the NEP created uncertainty among party members and the populace. Some communists feared that the policy was a slippery slope back to capitalism, weakening the ideological foundation of the Soviet state.

In summary, while the NEP was intended as a pragmatic solution to economic hardships, it faced staunch opposition from communists who believed it compromised foundational socialist principles and impeded the long-term goals of the Soviet Union.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) faced criticism from communists for reintroducing capitalist elements, maintaining existing power structures, increasing economic inequality, slowing industrial growth, exploiting the peasantry, and being seen as a temporary measure that undermined socialist ideals.

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