All of the following are among the advantages of object-oriented programming except: a. Modularity O. Reuse of coder for other purposes 0 c. Effective problem solving 0 d. All of these choices 0

To determine which option is not an advantage of object-oriented programming (OOP), let's analyze each choice: a. **Modularity**: OOP promotes modularity by allowing developers to create classes that encapsulate data and behavior, making it easier to manage and understand code. b. **Reuse of code for other purposes**: One of the key advantages of OOP is code reuse through inheritance and polymorphism, allowing developers to use existing code in new ways. c. **Effective problem solving**: OOP provides a structured approach to problem-solving by modeling real-world entities, which can lead to more effective solutions. d. **All of these choices**: This option suggests that all the previous choices are advantages of OOP. Since all the options a, b, and c are indeed advantages of object-oriented programming, the correct answer is: **d. All of these choices**. This option is not an advantage itself but rather a summary of the advantages listed in the other options.