\begin{tabular}{l} 1. What organs make up the central nervous system? \ 13. What is a capillary? \ 14. How does digestion begin? \ 16. What is a reflex and what system is responsible for reflexes? \ What is the function of the kidneys? \ \hline\end{tabular}

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Let's address each of your questions step by step:

1. **What organs make up the central nervous system?**
   - The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain processes information and coordinates activities, while the spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

2. **What is a capillary?**
   - A capillary is a small blood vessel that connects arterioles (small arteries) and venules (small veins). Capillaries are the site of exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues. They have thin walls that allow for this exchange.

3. **How does digestion begin?**
   - Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down by chewing and mixed with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes, such as amylase, that start the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates. This process continues as food travels down the esophagus to the stomach.

4. **What is a reflex and what system is responsible for reflexes?**
   - A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus. Reflexes are mediated by the nervous system, specifically through neural pathways known as reflex arcs. The spinal cord plays a crucial role in processing reflex actions, allowing for quick responses without the need for conscious thought.

5. **What is the function of the kidneys?**
   - The kidneys are vital organs that filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, which are excreted as urine. They also help regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance in the body. Additionally, the kidneys produce hormones that are important for red blood cell production and calcium metabolism.

If you have any further questions or need more detailed explanations, feel free to ask!
1. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. 2. A capillary is a tiny blood vessel where blood exchanges substances with tissues. 3. Digestion starts in the mouth with chewing and saliva breaking down food. 4. A reflex is an automatic response handled by the nervous system, primarily the spinal cord. 5. Kidneys filter blood to remove waste, regulate blood pressure, balance electrolytes, and produce hormones.

\begin{tabular}{l} 1. What organs make up the central nervous system? \\ 13. What is a capillary? \\ 14. How does digestion begin? \\ 16. What is a reflex and what system is responsible for reflexes? \\ What is the function of the kidneys? \\ \hline\end{tabular}

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